The Center for Auto Safety (CAS) was founded in 1970 by Consumers Union and Ralph Nader as a Washington, D.C.-based lobbying group focused on the United States automotive industry.
Accomplishments
CAS counts numerous far-reaching efforts among its successes:
- “Lemon laws” enacted in all 50 states
- State laws requiring auto manufacturers to disclose “hidden” warranties to consumers
- The Firestone tire recall
- Exposure of a potentially lethal gas tank design in General Motors pickup trucks
- Recall of the Ford Pinto due to its dangerous gas tank design
- Improved U.S. highway safety standards administered by NHTSA
Notes
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A Small-Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC) is an integrated circuit (IC) package which occupies an area about 30 - 50% less than an equivalent DIP, with a typical thickness that is 70% less. They are generally available in the same pinouts as their counterpart DIP ICs. The convention for naming the package is ‘SOIC’ or sometimes just ‘SO’ followed by the number of pins. For example, a 14-pin 4011 would be housed in a SOIC-14 or SO-14 package.
General Package Characteristics
This package is shorter and narrower than DIPs, the side-to-side pitch being 6 mm for a SOIC-14(from lead tip to lead tip) and the body width being 3.9 mm. These dimensions differ depending on the SOIC in question, and there are several variants. This package has “gull wing” leads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0.050 inches.
The picture below shows the general shape of an SOIC, with major dimensions. The values of these dimensions for common SOICs is shown in the table.
|
|
C Clearance between IC body and PCB
H Total Carrier Height
T Lead Thickness
L Total Carrier Length
LW Lead Width
LL Lead Length
P Pitch
WB IC Body Width
WL Lead-to-Lead Width
O End Overhang
|
| Package |
WB |
WL |
H |
C |
L |
P |
LL |
T |
LW |
O
|
| SOIC-14 |
3.9 |
5.8-6.2 |
1.72 |
0.10-0.25 |
8.55-8.75 |
1.27 |
1.05 |
0.19-0.25 |
0.39-0.46 |
0.3-0.7
|
| SOIC-16 |
3.9 |
5.8-6.2 |
1.72 |
0.10-0.25 |
9.9-10 |
1.27 |
1.05 |
0.19-0.25 |
0.39-0.46 |
0.3-0.7
|
| SOIC-16 |
7.5 |
10.00-10.65 |
2.65 |
0.10-0.30 |
10.1-10.5 |
1.27 |
1.4 |
0.23-0.32 |
0.38-0.40 |
0.4-0.9
|
SOP
After SOIC came a family of smaller form factors, Small Outline Package (SOP), with a pin spacing of 0.65 mm:
- Plastic Small-Outline Package (PSOP)
- Thin Small-Outline Package (TSOP)
- Shrink Small-Outline Package (SSOP)
- Thin-Shrink Small Outline Package (TSSOP)
The ICs on DRAM memory modules were usually TSOPs until they were replaced by ball grid array (BGA).
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The BMW M21 was a 2.4 L diesel straight-6 engine.
It was introduced in 1983 with the BMW M20 design as its basis. It was available with a turbocharger.
Models
| Engine |
Displacement |
Power |
Torque |
Redline |
Year
|
| M21D24 |
2.4 L (2443 cc/149 in³) |
85 kW (114 hp) @ 4800 |
210 N·m (155 ft·lbf) @ 2400 |
5350 |
1983
|
| 85 kW (114 hp) @ 4800 |
220 N·m (162 ft·lbf) @ 2400 |
5350 |
1983
|
| 63 kW (84 hp) @ 4600 |
152 N·m (112 ft·lbf) @ 2500 |
5150 |
1985
|
Applications:
- 1986-1992 E28 524d/524td
- 1987-1993 E30 324d/324td
- 1987-1992 E34 524td
- 1984-1985 Lincoln Continental
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MO3 is a music file format developed by Ian Luck. MO3 files are tracker modules that contain samples encoded in the MP3 or Ogg Vorbis file formats, rather than straight PCM samples. This results in a greatly reduced file size for the module, while maintaining almost identical audio quality. Lossless audio encoding is also supported, for samples that do not compress well with lossy encoding.
The format’s name is a portmanteau of MOD & MP3. Despite the name, four other tracker formats are supported besides MOD: Scream Tracker 3 (S3M), Fast Tracker 2 (XM), Impulse Tracker (IT), and MultiTracker (MTM).
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